The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990
根据美国残疾人协会, an individual with a 残疾 is defined as a person who: (1) has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more life activities; (2) has a record of such impairment; or (3) is regarded as having such impairment. Major life activities include but are not limited to walking, 看到, 听力, 说话, 呼吸, 学习, 工作, 照顾好自己, and performing manual tasks.
《中国赌博平台》完全禁止基于就业残疾的歧视, 公共服务, 和住宿. 所考虑的人必须在其他方面具备胜任该工作、项目或服务的资格.
The ADA details administrative requirements, 申诉程序, 不遵守规定的后果与服务和就业有关. The ADA requires provision of reasonable, 为符合条件的学生提供有效的教育活动和设置.
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Section 504 of The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination on the basis of 残疾 in 项目, 公营及私营, that receive federal financial assistance. 第504条包括机构,不论它们是否开门, 有选择性的, or competitive 入学s practices.
People with disabilities have the same legal remedies that are available under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 1991年修订. 因此, individuals who are discriminated against may file a complaint with the relevant federal 年龄ncy or sue in federal court. 执法机构鼓励非正式调解和自愿遵守.
How these Laws 应用 to Higher Education
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 were designed to ensure that colleges and universities are free from discrimination in their recruitment, 入学, and treatment of students.
In the application of both laws, 残疾学生必须有资格参加大学的活动. A qualified student with a 残疾 is one who meets the 入学 and essential eligibility requirements of a program or service, 有或没有:
- modifications of rules, policies, or procedures;
- 消除建筑、通讯或运输障碍;
- provision of auxiliary aids and 服务.
Individuals who pose a direct threat to their own health or safety or the health or safety of others will not be considered qualified.
法律要求高等教育机构确保所有课程, 服务, 或设施可供残障人士使用. 法律不要求:
- making each facility accessible if alternatives are effective;
- a fundamental alteration of 项目 or 服务;
- undue financial or administrative burden.
大学没有义务改变大学的学术要求, 项目, 或专业可以证明是必要的教学计划或任何直接的许可要求.
The University does not have to provide personal attendants, individually prescribed devices, readers for personal use or study, or other devices or 服务 of a personal nature, such as tutoring or typing (United States Office of Civil Rights, 7月, 2002).
The institution must provide auxiliary aids to ensure the participation of students in college classes and activities and must accommodate the academic participation of qualified students with disabilities. The institution must NOT:
- limit the number of students with disabilities admitted;
- 在入学前询问申请人是否有残疾;
- 使用不能充分衡量视障学生学术水平的入学考试或标准, 听力受损, 或因未获特别照顾而残疾的申请人;
- 仅因残疾而将残疾学生排除在任何课程之外;
- 建议残疾学生选择比非残疾学生限制性更强的职业, 除非该咨询是根据某一专业严格的执照或认证要求提供的;
- 使用歧视残疾学生的模式来衡量学生的成绩;
- institute prohibitive rules (such as the barring of tape recorders or other auxiliary aids) that may adversely affect the performance of students with disabilities;
- 选择一个不允许残疾人参加的场地或设施.
法律没有要求对残疾学生给予特殊待遇, 但确实要求学生有机会平等参与大学的课程. This is done by providing to eligible and qualified students appropriate academic adjustments and auxiliary aids necessary to facilitate the students’ fullest possible 参与 the University’s academic 项目.